RESUMEN Un deslizamiento de tierra catastrófico afectó el Monte Fugui, de la localidad Diexi, en el condado Mao de la provincia china de Sichuan, a las 05:38:58 hora local del 24 de junio de 2017. Este deslizamiento enterró la población de Xinmo, causó 83 muertos y significó enormes pérdidas de propiedades. La masa del deslizamiento se desprendió en lo alto de la montaña, se continuó cargando y se acumuló en la parte alta de la pendiente. Seguidamente, la masa del deslizamiento se transformó en una avalancha de detritos. Esta fue una cadena típica de un desastre ocasionado por una avalancha de detritos que comenzó por un deslizamiento en lo alto de la montañana. El volumen total, la diferencia de elevación y la distancia horizontal del deslizamiento fueron de 1637.6 χ 104 m3, 1200 m, and 2800 m. En este trabajo se identificó el mecanismo de formación del deslizamiento de Xinmo con base en un estudio de campo geológico y con el apoyo de satélites de teledetección. Los autores simularon numéricamente las características del desastre en la zona fuente, en la zona de la avalancha y en la zona de acumulación. Todo el proceso del deslizamiento de Xinmo fue estudiado comparativamente con el programa DAN-W, que analiza dinámicas de deslizamiento, y múltiples modelos reológicos. Los resultados del estudio indican que el modelo friccional simuló favorablemente las características del movimiento en varias fases del deslizamiento de Xinmo. Este movimiento duró por lo menos 120 segundos, y tuvo una velocidad máxima de movimiento de 74 m/s. Además, el modelo friccional y sus parámetros se pueden usar en estudios similares para investigar los efectos dinámicos de un movimiento de tierra en la parte alta de una montaña.

ABSTRACT A catastrophic landslide hit Mount Fugui, Diexi Township, Mao County, Sichuan Province, at 05:38:58 on June 24, 2017. This landslide buried Xinmo Village, caused 83 deaths, and resulted in enormous losses of life and property. The landslide mass cut out and slid from a high position, loaded continuously, and accumulated at the top of the slope body. Subsequently, the landslide mass was transformed into avalanche debris. This process was a typical chain disaster of avalanche debris triggered by a ridge-top landslide. The total volume, elevation difference, and horizontal distance of the landslide were 1637.6 χ 104 m3, 1200 m, and 2800 m. In this research, the disaster-formation mechanism of the Xinmo Landslide was identified based on a geological field survey and remote sensing satellites. The disaster characteristics of the landslide source zone, debris avalanche zone, and accumulation zone were then numerically simulated. The entire process of the Xinmo Landslide movement was comparatively studied using DAN-W, a dynamic landslide software program, and multiple rheological models. The research findings indicated that the frictional model favorably simulated the movement characteristics of various phases of the Xinmo Landslide. This landslide lasted approximately 120 s, and it had a maximum velocity of movement of 74 m/s. Therefore, the frictional model and its parameters can be used in similar studies to investigate the dynamic disaster effects of ridge-top rock landslides.

ABSTRACT Anaerobic digestion is important for the management of livestock manure with high ammonia level. Although ammonia effects on anaerobic digestion have been comprehensively studied, the molecular mechanism underlying ammonia inhibition still remains elusive. In this study, based on metatranscriptomic analysis, the transcriptional profile of microbial community in anaerobic digestion under low (1500 mg L-1) and high NH4 + (5000 mg L-1) concentrations, respectively, were revealed. The results showed that high NH4 + concentrations significantly inhibited methane production but facilitated the accumulations of volatile fatty acids. The expression of methanogenic pathway was significantly inhibited by high NH4 + concentration but most of the other pathways were not significantly affected. Furthermore, the expressions of methanogenic genes which encode acetyl-CoA decarbonylase and methyl-coenzyme M reductase were significantly inhibited by high NH4 + concentration. The inhibition of the co-expressions of the genes which encode acetyl-CoA decarbonylase was observed. Some genes involved in the pathways of aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis and ribosome were highly expressed under high NH4 + concentration. Consequently, the ammonia inhibition on anaerobic digestion mainly focused on methanogenic process by suppressing the expressions of genes which encode acetyl-CoA decarbonylase and methyl-coenzyme M reductase. This study improved the accuracy and depth of understanding ammonia inhibition on anaerobic digestion.

Background: Wheat 1BL/1RS translocation lines are planted around the world for their disease resistance and high yield. Most of them are poor in bread making, which is partially caused by ω-secalins that are encoded by the ω-secalin gene family, which is located on the short arm of rye chromosome 1R (1RS). However, information on the structure and evolution of the ω-secalin gene family is still limited. Results: We first generated a physical map of the ω-secalin gene family covering 195 kb of the Sec-1 locus based on sequencing three bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clones of the 1BL/1RS translocation wheat cultivar Shimai 15. A BAC contig was constructed spanning 168 kb of the Sec-1 locus on 1RS. Twelve ω-secalin genes were arranged in a head-to-tail fashion, separated by 8.2-21.6 kb spacers on the contig, whereas six other ω-secalin genes were arranged head-to-tail, separated by 8.2-8.4 kb of spacers on clone BAC125. The 18 ω-secalin genes can be classified into six types among which eight ω-secalin genes were expressed during seed development. The ω-secalin genes with the 1074-bp open reading frame (ORF) represented the main population. Except for two pseudogenes, the N-terminal of the ω-secalin gene was conserved, whereas variations in the C-terminal led to a change in ORF length. The spacers can be sorted into two classes. Class-1 spacers contained conserved and non-conservative sequences. Conclusion: The ω-secalin gene family consisted of at least 18 members in the 1BL/1RS translocation line cv. Shimai 15. Eight ω-secalin genes were expressed during seed development. Eighteen members may originate from a progenitor with a 1,074-bp ORF. The spacers differed in length and sequence conservation.

This work aims to investigate the anatomical basis and clinical application value of renal pedicle locating in retroperitoneoscopic nephrectomy. To summarize the anatomical basis of renal pedicle locating through retrospective analysis of 278 cases of retroperitoneoscopic nephrectomy from July 2007 to September 2009, during which renal pedicle was located at about 2-4 cm below the medial arcuate ligament of the diaphragm in the space between the psoas major muscle and inferior vena cava (abdominal aorta) in the anatomical level of space before psoas. The operation of 278 patients was all successfully completed, where renal pedicle was quickly found. It took 3.5±1.3 min to locate the renal pedicle, and 95.6±23.8 min to operate. In retroperitoneoscopic nephrectomy, it is most preferable to locate renal pedicle in the space before psoas. The renal pedicle is located exactly at about 2-4 cm below the medial arcuate ligament of the diaphragm in the space between the psoas major muscle and inferior vena cava (abdominal aorta). The time for locating the renal pedicle can be shortened if the surgeon is familiar with the anatomic features of renal pedicle in retroperitoneoscopy, thereby saving the operation time.

El objetivo del estudio fue investigar las bases anatómicas y el valor de la aplicación clínica de la localización del pedículo renal en la nefrectomía retroperitoneoscópica. Para resumir las bases anatómicas de la localizacion del pedículo renal se realizó el análisis retrospectivo de 278 casos de nefrectomía retroperitoneoscópica desde Julio del 2007 a Septiembre del 2009. El pedículo renal se encontró a unos 2-4 cm por debajo del ligamento arqueado medial del diafragma en el espacio entre el músculo psoas mayor y vena cava inferior (o parte abdominal de la aorta) en el nivel anatómico del espacio anterior al músculo psoas mayor. La cirugía de los 278 pacientes fue completada exitosamente, encontrándose rápidamente el pedículo renal. El procedimiento para localizar el pedículo renal tomó 3,5±1,3 minutos y la cirugía completa 95.6±23.8 minutos. En la nefrectomía retroperitoneoscópica, es preferible localizar el pedículo renal en el espacio anterior al músculo psoas mayor. El pedículo renal se encuentra alrededor de 2-4 cm por debajo del ligamento arqueado medial de la membrana en el espacio entre el músculo psoas mayor y vena cava inferior (parte abdominal de la aorta). El tiempo para localizar el pedículo renal se puede disminuir si el cirujano está familiarizado con las características anatómicas del pedículo renal en la retroperitoneoscopía, ahorrando así el tiempo total de la cirugía.